特别提醒:我们的最终目标是帮助孩子利用英语学习数理化,考入理想的大学。重点冲刺科大少年班(基本条件:16周岁前参加高考)和国外著名大学。
请家长朋友牢记:现代英语60%以上的单词有拉丁语和希腊语根源。在科学上,90%以上的单词源自拉丁语和希腊语。
从根本上说,真正解决英语、法语、德语、意大利语、西班牙语单词问题的最基本任务是认识几百个拉丁语和希腊语的常用构词部件(相当于汉语中的偏旁部首)。
请家长朋友一定要让孩子尽量多听母语者的发音,特别是母语者演唱的歌曲。
想通过英语学习科技知识,越早认识希腊字母越好。
在继续本课程之前,请先阅读《小学生同步玩转英语拉丁语希腊语发音》。
特别提醒:本教程在电脑大屏幕上观看效果最佳。
这一节,我们学习第十一组单词:
【英语】sister [?s?st?(r)]n.1. (同胞)姐妹
She is my sister.她是我的妹妹。
2. (与说话者)亲如姐妹的
We are sister.我们是姐妹。
3. 对护士或护士长的称呼
4. 对修女或女教士称呼
adj. (女人或被视为阴性的事 物)如姐妹一般的;同类的;同样款式的
sister fruits同类果实
拆解:si+ster(名词后缀)。
请家长朋友大概了解词源:
From Middle English sister, suster, from Old English swustor, sweoster, sweostor (“sister, nun”); from Proto-Germanic *swestēr (“sister”), from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr (“sister”). Possibly from *su-h?ésh?-ōr, from *swé (“self”) +? *h?ésh?r? (“blood”), literally “woman of one's own kin group” in an exogamous society, or from *swé (“self”) +? *-sōr (feminine-noun-forming suffix).
Cognate with Scots sister, syster (“sister”), West Frisian sus, suster (“sister”), Dutch zuster (“sister”), German Schwester (“sister”), Norwegian Bokm?l s?ster (“sister”), Norwegian Nynorsk and Swedish syster (“sister”), Icelandic systir (“sister”), Gothic (swistar, “sister”), Latin soror (“sister”), Russian сестра? (sestrá, “sister”), Lithuanian sesuo (“sister”), Albanian vajz? (“girl, maiden”), Sanskrit ????? (svás?, “sister”), Persian ?????? (xahar, “sister”).
In standard English, the form with i is due to contamination with Old Norse systir (“sister”).
The plural sistren is from Middle English sistren, a variant plural of sister, suster (“sister”); compare brethren.
前面,我们介绍了:英语的sh对应德语的sch,法语的ch读[?]。
所以,我们很容易了解:德语相应单词Schwester中的schwe-最终源自PIE(原始印欧语)的*swé (“self”)。相应的部分在英语中变化为si-,在拉丁语中变化为so-。
【德语】Schwester(国际音标/????st?/) [die] 姐妹。
拆解:schwe+ster(名词后缀)。
【拉丁语】soror(国际音标/?so.ror/):soror, sororis n. f. sister; (applied also to half sister, sister-in-law, and mistress!);
拆解:so+ror(源自PIE的名词后缀*-sōr,拉丁语中2个元音之间的s通常变化为r)。
如果您了解,俄语中的c对应拉丁语的s,就很容易理解俄语中的-стра是和英语、德语中的-ster对应的名词后缀。
【俄语】сестра (国际音标[s???stra]) n.妹妹、护士
拆解:се+стра
这里的ce-读[s??],和英语的si-(读[s?])读音非常接近。
请家长朋友记重点:记忆印欧语系语言,包括希腊语、拉丁语、梵语(现代称为印地语)、俄语、乌克兰语、法语、意大利语、西班牙语、葡萄牙语、罗马尼亚语、英语、德语、荷兰语、挪威语、瑞典语、冰岛语等几百种语言的单词,重点是词根。前缀和后缀只要大概了解一下就可以了。
到这里,我们已经明白:英语的si-,德语的schwe-,拉丁语的so-,俄语的ce-最终都源自同一个PIE(原始印欧语)的*swé (“self”)。
前面,我们介绍了:记忆father(父亲),mother(母亲),brother(兄弟)的重点是fa-,mo-,bro-。
到这里,您肯定已经明白:记忆英语单词sister的重点是si-。
=======================
认识father和mother的小朋友,再记忆grandfather和grandmother的重点是认识grand。
【英语】grandfather[?ɡr?nd?fɑ?e?]n.1. (外)祖父2. 祖先3. 始祖; 创始者
grandfather clause[美]老祖父条款(指旧时美国南部某些法律中保护白人利益的一种条款, 规定南北战争前享有选举权的白人后代, 即使没有文化也有选举权); (某些法律中的)不追溯条款
grandfather('s) clock有摆的落地大座钟
拆解:grand+father。
【英语】grandmother [?ɡr?ndm?e?(r)]n. 祖母;外祖母
拆解:grand+mother。
【英语】grand[ɡr?nd]adj.1. 雄伟的, 壮丽的, 堂皇的, 宏大的, 盛大的2. 显赫的, 高贵的3. (最)重大的; 主要的; 最高的4. 自负的, 傲慢的5. [口]完美的6. 总计的, 全部的7. 【音】大合奏用的8. (亲属关系中的)(外)祖…; (外)孙…
a grand air堂皇的气派, 堂堂仪表
a grand view壮丽的景色
grand entrance大门
grand people达官贵人
the grand total总计
the grand slam[美俚](桥牌等)满贯; (运动比赛)全胜; (棒球)满垒打
n.1. (=grandpiano)大钢琴
2. [美俚][单复同]一千元(钞票)
继承用法:
grandaunt [ˋɡr?ndɑ?nt;-?nt]n. 叔[伯]祖母; 姑[舅、姨]婆
grandbaby [ˋɡr?nd?be?b?]n. 小孙子[女]
grandchild [?ɡr?ndt?a?ld]n. (pl. grandchildren)(外)孙子[女]
grand-dad n. [口](外)祖父grand-daddy n. (=grandfather)(外)祖父
grand-daughter n.1. (外)孙女2. 第三代子核; 孙体
grandducal adj. 大公的, 大公国的
grand-ma,-ma(m)ma n. [口](外)祖母
grandmaster n.1. 大师 (最高棋手等的称号)
2. 在任何方面有特殊成就的人
grandnephew [ˋɡr?nd?nevju?;-?nefju?]
n. 侄(外)孙
grandniece [ˋɡr?ndni?s]n. 侄(外)孙女-pa, -papan. [口]爷爷, 外公n. (外)祖父(母)n. [古]祖父[先]; 老人n. (外)孙子n. 伯[叔]祖父, 外叔[伯]祖父n.adv.
词源:From Middle English grand, grond, graund, graunt, from Anglo-Norman graunt, from Old French grant, from Latin grandis. Doublet of grande and grandee.
【法语】grand(国际音标/ɡ?ɑ?/, (followed by vowel or h muet) /ɡ?ɑ?.t?/)grand, e a.大的
【拉丁语】grandis:grandis, grandis, grande adj. full-grown, grown up; large, great, grand, tall, lofty; powerful; aged, old;
拆解:gr+andis。
大概了解:这里的gr-是ger-的零级形式,也就是元音E脱落了。
词源:From Proto-Italic *grandis, from Proto-Indo-European *g?er- (“to rub, to grind”).
Cognate with Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“big in size, coarse, coarse grained”), from where English great, Scots great (“coarse in grain or texture, thick, great”), West Frisian grut (“large, great”), Dutch groot (“large, stour”), German gro? (“large”), Albanian ngre (“I lift, heave, stand, elevate”).
在这些语言中,基本上都有gr-,这是记忆的重点。
【英语】great[ɡreit]adj.1. (巨)大的2. 伟[重, 盛]大的; 主要的3. (字母)大 写的4. 不寻常的; 极大[度]的5. 很多的, 充足的6. [口]了不起的, 绝妙的, 非常愉快的7. 高贵的, 地位高的8. 精通的, 擅长的
9. 真正的, 名符其实的
10. [用在由 grand 构成的表示亲属关系的复合词前, 表示更高一辈的亲属关系]曾祖(或孙)的, 外曾祖(或孙)的(如:great-grand-mother 曾祖母; 外曾祖母, great-grandson 曾孙, 外曾孙)
a great mountain一座大山
a great occasion盛大的集会
the Great Wall of China中国万里长城
Mozart was a great musician.莫扎特是伟大的音乐家。
She is a great friend of mine.她是我很要好的朋友。
What a great idea!多棒的主意!
拆解:gr+eat。
相信到这里,您已经明白:grand(拉丁语源)和great(日耳曼语源)都只要重点记忆gr-就可以了。
=======================
【英语】who[hu?]pron. (宾格whom; 所有格whose)1. [疑问代词]谁; 哪位2. [连接代词]谁3. [限制性的关系代词]…的人4. [非限制性的关系代词]他[她]; 他[她]们5. [古][省略先行词的关系代词]…的人
W-is that?那是谁?
He is a man who is of value to the people.他是一个有益于人民的人。
Whom did you see?
你看见谁了?
That's the man who came to our house yesterday.
那就是昨天到过我们家来的人。
My cousin, who is a painter, is in Japan at present.
我的表哥是画家, 他现在在日本。
Who breaks pays.
损坏者要赔。
n. 有关人物 the who and the why of it 与该事有关的人物及其发生的原因
注:这里的wh读[h],而元音字母o读[u:]。和英语单词do中的o读音一样。
请家长朋友牢记:英语的疑问词(除了how)基本上都是以wh-开头,对应拉丁语的qu-,德语的w-。
请顺便熟悉:who是主格,whom是宾格,whose是所有格。
认识whose,就永远不会再把它和those(那些)弄混了。
请一定要告诉孩子如何成对记忆what(什么)和that(那),where(哪里)和there(那里),when(何时)和then(那时)。
让孩子用耳朵仔细听母语者如何读wh-和th-,任何人都可以轻松区别,绝对不会混为一谈。
=======================
一定要把he(他,主格)和she(她,主格)放在一起比较记忆。
只要您了解:英语的sh对应德语的sch,法语的ch,读[?],就肯定不会再把它们弄混。
【英语】he[hi?]pron.1. 他
He is here.他在这里。
He'd got only a few minutes to spend with her.
他只有几分钟的时间同她在一起。
2. 某人,任何人
Everyone should do what he considers best.
人人都应做他认为最好的事。
3. 它(指雄性动物)
Is your dog a he? 你的狗是公的吗?
Is your dog a he or a she? 你的狗是雄的还是雌的?
词源:From Middle English he, from Old English hē, from Proto-Germanic *hiz (“this, this one”).
请家长朋友大概了解:古英语的hē读(/xe?/, [he?]),其中的ē是长元音,读[e:],对应古典拉丁语的ē。
在现代英语中,元音字母e的字母音(也就是长元音)变化为读[i:],对应拉丁语的长元音ī,汉语拼音的i。
【英语】she[??? ,??]n. 她
词源:From Middle English sche, scho, hyo, ?ho (“she”), whence also Scots she, sho.
Probably from Old English hēo (whence dialectal English hoo), with an irregular change in stress from hēo to heō /hjo?/, then a development from /hj-/ to /?/ to /?-/,[3][4] similar to the derivation of Shetland from Old Norse Hjaltland. In this case, she is from Proto-West Germanic *hiju, from Proto-Germanic *hijō f (“this, this one”), from Proto-Indo-European *?e-, *?ey- (“this, here”), and is cognate with Saterland Frisian jo, ju, West Frisian hja, North Frisian jü, Danish hun, Swedish hon; more at he.
=======================
【英语】classmate[?klɑ?sme?t]n. 同学;同班同学
拆解:class+mate。
【英语】class[klɑ?s]n. 班级; 社会等级; 阶级; 部分, 部门; 也包括处理数据过程的数据结构 (计算机用语)v. 分类
词源:From Middle French classe, from Latin classis (“a class or division of the people, assembly of people, the whole body of citizens called to arms, the army, the fleet, later a class or division in general”), from Proto-Indo-European *kelh?- (“to call, shout”). Doublet of clas and classis.
相信您已经看出来:英语的class实际就是拉丁语的classis去掉结尾的-is。
【拉丁语】classis:classis, classis n. f. class/division of Romans; grade (pupils); levy/draft; fleet/navy; group/band;
拆解:cla+s+sis。
词源:From Proto-Italic *klāssis, from Proto-Indo-European *kelh?- (“to call, shout”). Cognate with Latin calō, clāmō, clārus, concilium, Ancient Greek καλ?ω (kaléō).
拉丁语的cla-和cal-,希腊语的καλ-最终都源自PIE(原始印欧语)*kelh?- (“to call, shout”)。
【英语】classic['kl?s?k]n. 杰作; 名著adj. 第一流的, 古典的, 最优秀的
拆解:class+ic。
词源:From French classique, from Latin classicus (“relating to the classes of Roman citizenry, especially the highest”), from classis; surface analysis, class +? -ic
【英语】classical[?kl?sik?l]adj.1. 古典的, 传统的, 古典文学的; 古希腊[古罗马] 的; 经典的2. 人文科学的3. (=classic)第一流的, 最高等的4. 庄严的; 历久不衰的
classical music古典音乐
classical school古典(经济) 学派
a classical scholar精通古典文学艺术的学者
classical silk【纺】优级生丝
拆解:class+ical。
【英语】mate[meit]n.1. 配偶; 配对物; 一对[一双]中的鸟、兽的偶2. (商船的)大副, 助手3. (工人之间的)伙伴, 同事4. (称呼)老兄, 老弟5. [古]匹配的人; 同伴
find a mate找对象
electrician's mate电工助手
Where is the mate to this glove?这副手套的另一只在哪儿?
Where are you going, mate ?老兄, 你去哪儿?
词源:From Middle English mate, a borrowing from Middle Low German mate (“messmate”) (replacing Middle English mette (“table companion, mate, partner”), from Old English ?emetta (“sharer of food, table-guest”)), derived from Proto-Germanic *gamatj?, itself from *ga- (“together”) (related to German and Dutch ge-) + *matj? (from *matiz (“food”)), related to Old English mete (“food”)). From the same Middle Low German source stems German Low German Maat (“journeyman, companion”), German Maat (“naval non-commissioned officer”). Cognates include Saterland Frisian Moat (“friend, buddy, comrade, mate”), Dutch maat (“mate, partner, colleague, friend”). More at Old English ?e-, English co-, English meat. Doublet of maat.
=======================
【英语】friend [frend]n. 朋友, 赞助者, 支持者
拆解:frie+nd(源自原始日耳曼语的现在分词后缀)。
词源:From Middle English frend, freend, from Old English frēond (“friend”, literally “loving[-one], lover”), from Proto-West Germanic *friund, from Proto-Germanic *frijōndz (“lover, friend”), from Proto-Indo-European *preyH- (“to like, love”), equivalent to free +? -nd.
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Fjund, Früünd (“friend”), West Frisian freon, froen, freondinne (“friend”), Dutch vriend (“friend”), Low German Frund, Fründ (“friend, relative”), Luxembourgish Fr?nd (“friend”), German Freund (“friend”), Danish fr?nde (“kinsman”), Swedish fr?nde (“kinsman, relative”), Icelandic fr?ndi (“kinsman”), Gothic (frijōnds, “friend”). More at free.
Other cognates include Russian приятель (prijatel?, “friend”) and Sanskrit ????? (priyá-, “beloved”).
【德语】Freund(国际音标/fr???nt/, [f????nt]) [der] (男性的)朋友。男朋友。
拆解:freu+nd。
注:德语词尾的b、d、g通常会清化为p、t、k。
=======================
【英语】woman [?wum?n]n. (pl. women [?wimin])女人, 妇人
重点注意:这里的wo-读[wu],接近汉语中的“乌wu”。
拆解:wo+man(男人)。
这里的wo-源自wife(妻子)。
词源:From Middle English womman, wimman, wifman, from Old English wīfmann (“woman”, literally “female person”), a compound of wīf (“woman, female”, whence English wife) +? mann (“person, human being”, whence English man). For details on the pronunciation and spelling history, see the usage notes below.
Cognate with Scots woman, weman (“woman”), Saterland Frisian Wieuwmoanske (“female person, female human, woman”). Similar constructions can be found in West Frisian frommes (“woman, girl”) (from frou and minske, literally "woman human").
A few alternative spellings (see below) respell the term so as not to contain man.
=================================
【英语】girl [ɡ??l]n.1. 女孩, 姑娘, 未婚女子2. 女儿3. 女仆, 保姆4. (商店的)女工作人员
请家长朋友特别注意:英语单词中的ir是一个固定组合,绝对不可以再拆解。
建议把girl和bird(鸟),birth(出生),first(第一),third(第三),shirt(衬衫),skirt(裙子),whirl(急转),swirl(打旋)放在一起比较记忆。
词源:From Middle English gerle, girle, gyrle (“young person of any gender”), of uncertain origin. Probably from Old English *gyrle, *gyrele, from Proto-Germanic *gurwilaz, a diminutive form of Proto-Germanic *gurwijaz (compare North Frisian g?r (“girl”), Low German G?r, G?re (“child of any gender”), German G?re (“young child”), dialectal Norwegian gorre, dialectal Swedish garre, gurre (“small child”)), from Proto-Indo-European *??er- (“short”)[1] (compare Old Irish gair (“short”), Ancient Greek χρε? (khre?, “need, necessity”), χρ?σθαι (khr?sthai, “to need”), Sanskrit ?????? (hrasva, “short, small”)).
【德语】From Middle English gerle, girle, gyrle (“young person of any gender”), of uncertain origin. Probably from Old English *gyrle, *gyrele, from Proto-Germanic *gurwilaz, a diminutive form of Proto-Germanic *gurwijaz (compare North Frisian g?r (“girl”), Low German G?r, G?re (“child of any gender”), German G?re (“young child”), dialectal Norwegian gorre, dialectal Swedish garre, gurre (“small child”)), from Proto-Indo-European *??er- (“short”) (compare Old Irish gair (“short”), Ancient Greek χρε? (khre?, “need, necessity”), χρ?σθαι (khr?sthai, “to need”), Sanskrit ?????? (hrasva, “short, small”)).
【德语】G?r [das] 小羚羊。小山羊皮。(肮脏/下流/淘气的)小孩。(调皮捣蛋的)小女孩。
免责声明: 文章源于会员发布,不作为任何投资建议
如有侵权请联系我们删除,本文链接:https://www.sws100.com/kexue/402906.html